CHIDONG ZHANG: The next lightning talk is given by Billy Kessler on TPOS 2020. 

HENRY KESSLER: Thanks, Chidong. And thanks, everyone, for coming. So I'm going to talk to you about the Tropical Pacific Observing System. And the key word here is system, so you see a wide variety of instrumentation both fixed and autonomous, and in situ and remote. And as you've already heard this morning, the ATLAS Mooring which was developed here in the early 1980s as a response to the 1982-'83 El Niño. And since John Toole is on the review panel, that reminds me that in 1982 he was chief scientist on the first research ship to observe an El Niño in situ. And you were a post doc at PMEL at that time, I believe. So-- 

PRESENTER: [INAUDIBLE] 

HENRY KESSLER: OK. For instance at the very beginning, that was inspirational for my career. 

PRESENTER: So was also part of the first proposal for who you really [INAUDIBLE] 

HENRY KESSLER: Yes. 

[LAUGHTER] 

BILLY KESSLER: [INAUDIBLE] So you're going to hear about a lot of this stuff, the Argo floats, the gliders that are my work. Chidong already mentioned, the saildrones and other autonomous technology. And you also see satellites. So we do not launch any satellites from this building, but eight of us have been core members of science teams such a [INAUDIBLE] emissions develop the define the sensing for many of these. And I didn't put ships on here, mostly because of my poor artistic skills, I wouldn't [INAUDIBLE] my earlier efforts. But ships are fundamental, both the research vessels and the GO-SHIPs and the ships that serve the moorings, and I'll show you some of that. 

So, these are long term arrays. These are designed for all time scales, from weather, to long term climate, to global change. And maintaining that support is hard, and that's partly because people, both scientists and agencies like new things. But also because missions change. New scientific questions come up, new technology becomes available, and these are hard things to keep going. And this was really illustrated by the crisis of the TAO array in 2012 to '14. So this is the number of TAO moorings reporting data. So that fell off drastically beginning in 2012 [INAUDIBLE] NOAA. And that led to the international TPOS 2020 project. 

And so we here at PMEL are-- so it's an international project. We here have strong leadership in Matt, I am the co-chair. You'll hear from Adrienne Sutton and Meghan Cronin-- who lead different parts of that. 

So we-- you've already heard that the US and nations around the world depend on TPOS observations. You've heard of EL Niño. I just want to point out that there's also the sub seasonal variability, so the MJO which drives moisture plumes that come to the Pacific coast, and you might think that it just rains here all the time, but in fact it's strongly modulated by this sub seasonal variability. 

And this shows the surface pCO2 . So the time series again going back to the early 1980s, from the East to the West. And you see both the annual cycle, the ENSO signal and decadal shifts. And this data was collected from moorings and from-- [CLEARS THROAT] excuse me. The surface ships from the moorings. And is a fundamental achievement in this laboratory. This is my last slide. [INAUDIBLE] [LAUGHTER] 

So [LAUGHTER] the TPOS 2020 project, has proposed a division of TAO to NOAA leadership. So this shows that Matt, I really want to focus not on the shifts, the moorings, but on the missions of those moorings. So this shows standard TAO mooring has existed for 30 years. That's about basic Met obs [INAUDIBLE] as far as sub-surface temperatures. And the proposed really, refocuses moorings on their unique strengths. So added Met obs, including the radiation. And in particular denser temperature observations in the upper 50 meters, to [INAUDIBLE] so that all the moorings this is supposed to achieve is where fine temporal resolution is needed for that phenomena. Thank you. 

[APPLAUSE]