PRESENTER: All right, let's continue. Our next lightning talk is given by Greg Johnson. He-- Sorry. MAN: Absolutely. [INTERPOSING VOICES] PRESENTER: --Argo, GO-SHIP, Deep Argo, anything. GREGORY C. JOHNSON: All right, so I'm going to talk about observational insights into a warming ocean from Core Argo, GO-SHIP, Deep Argo, and other data. And this is for understanding, really, the Earth's energy imbalance, climate, ocean health, weather, sea level rise, et cetera. So Argo is an international array of robotic floats. If you look at the lower right panel, it first received the first truly sparse global coverage in around 2005. These floats run in 10-day cycles, and there are now about 4,000 of them. And they're returning about 150,000 profiles a year. We'll see one out in the lab a little bit later. So PMEL Argo has deployed over 1,200 floats since 2001, and the PMEL floats have a lifespan well above the international arrival. We're presently at about 500, almost 600 active floats reporting data, and that's about 1/7 of the international array. We actually have more floats out from PMEL than any other country in the world, and we have pioneered the salinity calibration techniques and software that's used internationally by the Argo program. We've also developed an efficient, rigorous hardware testing procedures and software to store all the engineering data floats that we can review later. That helps us to ensure that we have lifespans well above average for the international array. We're really actually testing all the floats that we put out, which feed back to the manufacturers, hopefully, improves the experience for the whole array [INAUDIBLE]. We do Delayed-Mode Scientific Quality Control. We've done that of all of our profiles for up to over 190,000 profiles. That's an expert eye on every single profile that [INAUDIBLE]. So then we got the Deep Argo capability with the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. And I'm proud that we do a full suite of things in Argo from data collection through quality control, through scientific analysis, through involvement with assessments, such as IPCC reports and the BAMS State of the Climate reports. Oops, now, it's [INAUDIBLE]. Let's see, so here's the science results. Look at upper ocean warming from Argo. This is a plot of ocean heat content from zero to 1,800 meters. The y-axis is seven joules. Kind of the 21st joules, it's a huge number, and we're going from 2000 through 2015. You can see early on, the numbers sort of wiggle around. They have large error bars. But then around 2005, when Argo reached sparse global coverage, this really sort of takes off in a linear track, and we're able to increase the accuracy of the heat content 4-fold using Argo. We are now looking at about 10 kilowatt per meter squared, and the next biggest contribution is the deep ocean. So we'll talk about that in a little bit. But first, let's look about the wiggles around the curve, because there are some statistically significant wiggles in that trend. And if you just look at the residuals in the curve, this is a complicated plot, but the blue dots here are the annual Argo heat content deviations from the trend with the error bars. If you take CERES off the atmosphere radiation budgets, and look at the monthly anomalies, and integrate them with time, you get heat stored in the climate system. That's the solid blue curve on the monthly timescales, and you can see, it's actually pretty well correlated with those annual curves. Those are two independent measures of interannual changes in the Earth's climate system, and they're both pretty well correlated with the NiƱo 3.4 index, which is that red line there. So that's Argo and CERES are really providing independent confirmation of the role of ENSO in the global energy budget. So looking deeper, we were also involved in GO-SHIP, which is another international program. NOAA does the leads, CTD work on the red, purple sections, and again, this is an international-- it's a partnership between NSF and NOAA. I'm going to look, actually, just at one of those, the A16 South section in the Western Atlantic, and look at the trends of temperature data over three decades. So this is from 1989 to 2014 with a section in the middle in 2005. Sorry. The colors show the temperature trends over that time scale, and you can see this strong warming down in the Antarctic bottom part. And in fact, if you look at all the GO-SHIP's data between the 1990s from the 2010 [INAUDIBLE] decibars, you get these warming trends and these various basins here. Strongest around Antarctica. This motivates the need to look at this more often than decadally to avoid surprises. So the next step is Deep Argo. On the left here is the Deep SOLO floats. This is a Scripps design that's capable of 2,000 plus profiles, about five years of operation, and on the right are the recent locations of an array of floats that PMEL has put out with funds from the Paul G. Allen Family Foundations. This is a pilot array in the Brazil Basin, that exact same location where we saw that strong signal, warming signal. A global array will require about 1,200 floats, and I'll just leave it with a haiku. Warming ocean shapes, weather, climate, sea level, chemistry, and life. [LAUGHTER]